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📘 Ethernet 1) Concept Ethernet is the most widely used wired communication standard in local area networks (LAN). It allows computers, servers, and embedded systems to exchange data over a shared network. PC ↔ Switch ↔ Router ↔ Embedded Device ↔ Ind...
📘 CAN (Controller Area Network) 1) Concept CAN is a multi-node serial communication bus designed for reliability and real-time messaging in embedded systems. It is used in automotive ECUs, industrial control, robots, drones, medical devices, and aer...
📘 CSI-2 (Camera Serial Interface 2) 1) Concept CSI-2 is a high-speed serial interface used to transfer image data from a camera sensor to a processor (MCU/SoC/ISP). The “2” indicates that it is the second-generation camera interface standard defined...
📘 I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) 1) Concept I2C is a two-wire serial communication bus used to connect multiple devices. It is commonly used for sensors, EEPROMs, PMICs, RTCs, touch controllers, and other low-speed peripherals. SPI: faster, requires...
XIP (Execute In Place) with QSPI 1) Concept XIP (Execute In Place) allows a processor (MCU or SoC) to execute program code directly from external flash memory, without copying it to internal SRAM first. When using QSPI Flash for firmware storage, XIP...
📘 QSPI (Quad Serial Peripheral Interface) 1️⃣ Concept QSPI (Quad SPI) is an extended version of the standard SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) protocol. It increases data throughput by expanding the data bus from 1 bit to 4 bits. In standard SPI, da...
🧠 SPI Perfect 👍 Here's your English version, translated naturally for an undergraduate + practical level audience — exactly matching the tone and detail of the Korean version you liked. 🧠 SPI Flash Command Structure (Based on Winbond W25Q Series)...
If the PMM (Physical Memory Manager) handled physical RAM page management,then the VMM (Virtual Memory Manager) is responsible for managing the mapping between virtual addresses and physical addresses on top of that system. 1. What is VMM? Funct...
When the OS boots, we first obtain a memory map that tells us which physical RAM addresses are usable. Now we’ll implement the PMM that actually manages that memory 1) What is PMM? PMM (Physical Memory Manager) is the kernel’s most basic manager for ...